{"id":1461,"date":"2026-09-18T20:05:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-18T18:05:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/?p=1461"},"modified":"2026-09-18T20:05:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-18T18:05:26","slug":"camaras-de-alta-velocidade-extensometro-de-video-dic-piv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/pt\/high-speed-cameras-dic-video-extensometer-piv\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e2maras de alta velocidade em ensaios de engenharia: aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, DIC, extensometria por v\u00eddeo e PIV"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Some of the most important events in engineering testing are over before the human eye can register them: a composite panel cracking under impact, an airbag unfolding, a spray breaking up inside a combustion chamber, a specimen necking in the last milliseconds of a tensile test. A <strong>high-speed camera<\/strong> captures those events as a sequence of images. Combined with the right analysis technique, those images stop being a slow-motion video and become <em>measurement data<\/em>: displacement, strain and flow velocity, taken without touching the test article.<\/p>\n<p>This guide explains what a high-speed camera is, the specifications that actually decide whether it fits a test, where high-speed imaging is used most \u2014 crash testing, research and development, and defence test ranges \u2014 and three specialised measurement techniques built on it: <strong>Digital Image Correlation (DIC)<\/strong>, <strong>video extensometry<\/strong> and <strong>Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2>What is a high-speed camera?<\/h2>\n<p>A <strong>high-speed camera<\/strong> is a digital camera designed to record images at frame rates far beyond conventional video \u2014 from several thousand frames per second to hundreds of thousands and more \u2014 with exposure times short enough to freeze fast motion. Played back at normal speed, one second of recording can last minutes, which makes phenomena measured in microseconds observable and, more importantly, measurable.<\/p>\n<p>What separates a scientific high-speed camera from a fast consumer camera is not only frame rate. It is the combination of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Global shutter.<\/strong> Every pixel is exposed at the same instant, so fast-moving objects are not distorted by the sequential readout of a rolling shutter.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Short, controllable exposure.<\/strong> Exposures in the microsecond range remove motion blur, which is essential when the images are used for measurement rather than viewing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Deterministic triggering and synchronisation.<\/strong> The camera starts, stops and timestamps its frames in step with the test rig, other cameras, light sources and the data acquisition system.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sensitivity.<\/strong> Short exposures collect very little light, so sensor sensitivity and noise performance directly limit what can be recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/high-speed-cameras-technology\/\">high-speed camera technology<\/a> covers visible and infrared imaging, global shutter with deterministic triggering, and back-illuminated, deep-cooled sensors for low-light work.<\/p>\n<h2>Specifications that actually matter<\/h2>\n<h3>Frame rate versus resolution<\/h3>\n<p>A camera can only read out so many pixels per second. To go faster, the active area of the sensor is reduced \u2014 a technique known as windowing. A camera may record at full resolution at a few thousand frames per second and reach far higher frame rates on a much smaller window. The right choice depends on the physics: a crash test needs a wide field of view at moderate speed, while a fracture or a spray needs very high speed on a small region. Always compare cameras at the resolution you will actually use, not at the headline frame rate.<\/p>\n<h3>Exposure time and light<\/h3>\n<p>Exposure can never be longer than the interval between frames, and in practice it is often much shorter. Halving the exposure halves the light reaching the sensor. This is why high-speed imaging is as much a lighting problem as a camera problem, and why sensitivity is a first-order specification rather than a detail.<\/p>\n<h3>Triggering and recording time<\/h3>\n<p>High-speed cameras record into memory continuously, overwriting the oldest frames, and stop on a trigger. This lets the team keep frames from <em>before<\/em> the event \u2014 essential when the exact moment of interest cannot be predicted. Recording time is simply memory divided by data rate: at 10,000 frames per second, a one-second event already produces 10,000 images, so memory, frame rate and resolution have to be balanced against the length of the event.<\/p>\n<p>The trigger does not have to come from the camera or from an operator. Very often it is provided by an external source \u2014 a signal from the test rig, a contact switch, a light barrier or the data acquisition system \u2014 so that recording is tied to the event itself. Our high-speed cameras accept external trigger inputs for exactly this reason.<\/p>\n<h3>Synchronisation with the rest of the test<\/h3>\n<p>Images are most valuable when they can be aligned with other measurements \u2014 load, strain gauges, pressure, acceleration. A camera that shares a time base with the <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/what-is-a-data-acquisition-system\/\">data acquisition system<\/a> lets an engineer point at the exact frame where a load peak occurred, and multi-camera setups rely on the same synchronisation to reconstruct motion in three dimensions.<\/p>\n<h2>Where high-speed cameras are used<\/h2>\n<p>High-speed cameras are used wherever an event is too fast to observe and too important to guess at. Three domains account for most applications, and in all of them the camera is typically combined with motion and video tracking software that turns the recording into positions, velocities, accelerations and timings.<\/p>\n<h3>Crash testing and vehicle safety<\/h3>\n<p>The automotive sector is the largest user of high-speed imaging. In a crash test, cameras installed inside and outside the vehicle \u2014 on board, where they have to withstand high g shock loads \u2014 record dummy kinematics, body deformation and the timing of airbag deployment, synchronised with the sensor data from the vehicle and the dummy. Tracking software then measures that motion in 2D or 3D and produces the reports that safety protocols and regulations require. The same workflow covers component tests such as doors, windows and wipers, <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/automotive-testing-airbag-deployment\/\">airbag deployment tests<\/a> on their own, and crash and vibration tests on rolling stock in the rail sector. See our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/automotive-crash-test\/\">side-impact crash test case<\/a> and our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/high-speed-software-automotive-suite-crash-test-intelligence\/\">automotive software suite for crash-test analysis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Research and development<\/h3>\n<p>Private R&amp;D centres and universities use high-speed cameras to study phenomena that last milliseconds or less: combustion, fluid flow and sprays, micro-events, material behaviour under impact, and the motion of mechanisms. Propulsion, materials, structural, motion and fluid visualisation laboratories are typical users. Flexibility matters here more than any single specification, because the same camera may record a fracture one week and a cavitation bubble the next. See our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/rd-universities\/\">R&amp;D and universities sector<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Defence and test ranges<\/h3>\n<p>On military test ranges and in aerospace and defence programmes, high-speed imaging captures ballistics, penetration, deployment and release events and, above all, fragmentation. In <strong>fragmentation analysis<\/strong>, cameras record the fragments produced by a detonation, and dedicated software reconstructs their trajectories and impact locations in 3D, detects hits and their timing, profiles fragment speeds and characterises fragment shape, size and angular distribution for lethality studies. See our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/category\/test-range-equipment\/blast-fragmentation\/fragmentation-systems\/\">fragmentation systems<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/dedicated-fragmentation-analysis-software\/\">fragmentation analysis software<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Motion and video tracking software<\/h3>\n<p>Across all three domains, the recording is only half of the result. Motion and video tracking software follows markers or features from frame to frame and returns what engineers actually need \u2014 displacement, velocity, acceleration, angles and event timings \u2014 in 2D or, with several synchronised cameras, in 3D, with corrections for optical distortion and automatic report generation. We supply our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/high-speed-software-video-analysis-motion-tracking\/\">video analysis and motion tracking software<\/a> together with the cameras, so that camera, synchronisation and analysis are specified as one system.<\/p>\n<h2>Specialised measurement techniques: DIC, video extensometry and PIV<\/h2>\n<p>Beyond tracking motion, three techniques use high-speed images to measure physical quantities across the field of view: DIC for the deformation of solids, video extensometry for strain in material tests, and PIV for velocity in fluids. They serve more specialised needs than the applications above, and each is described in detail below.<\/p>\n<h2>Digital Image Correlation (DIC)<\/h2>\n<h3>How DIC works<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Digital Image Correlation<\/strong> measures how the surface of an object moves and deforms by tracking a pattern on it. A random, high-contrast speckle pattern is applied to the surface \u2014 typically with paint. The software divides a reference image into small regions called subsets and, in each subsequent image, finds where each subset has moved by matching its unique pattern with sub-pixel precision. From those displacements it calculates strain across the whole visible surface.<\/p>\n<p>The result is a <strong>full-field measurement<\/strong>: instead of the strain at a few points where gauges happen to be bonded, DIC produces a map of displacement and strain over the entire area of interest. Strain concentrations, crack initiation and the progression of damage become visible where point sensors would miss them.<\/p>\n<h3>2D and 3D DIC<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>2D DIC<\/strong> uses a single camera and measures in-plane displacement and strain. It works when the surface is flat and stays in a plane parallel to the sensor.<\/li>\n<li><strong>3D (stereo) DIC<\/strong> uses two or more calibrated cameras viewing the surface from different angles. It measures shape, out-of-plane motion and strain on curved or moving surfaces, which covers most real structures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>When DIC needs high speed<\/h3>\n<p>DIC itself does not require a high-speed camera; a static structural test can be recorded at a few frames per second. High speed becomes necessary when the deformation is fast: impact and crash testing, ballistic and blast loading, dynamic fracture, vibration and high strain-rate material characterisation. Our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/high-speed-software-video-analysis-motion-tracking\/\">video analysis and motion tracking software<\/a> provides surface deformation, displacement and strain measurement via 2D and 3D DIC, alongside multi-camera control and 2D\/3D motion tracking.<\/p>\n<h2>Video extensometry<\/h2>\n<h3>What a video extensometer measures<\/h3>\n<p>An extensometer measures how much a specimen elongates over a defined gauge length during a mechanical test, typically a tensile or compression test. The strain it records is what defines modulus, yield point and elongation at break. A <strong>video extensometer<\/strong> does the same job optically: a camera tracks marks, targets or edges along the specimen and calculates the change in distance between them in every image.<\/p>\n<h3>Why measure strain without contact<\/h3>\n<p>Conventional clip-on extensometers are attached to the specimen with knife edges, much as contact force and strain sensors are fixed to the part they measure (see our guide to <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/load-cell-vs-strain-gauge\/\">load cells and strain gauges<\/a>). That works for many tests, but it has limits that a non-contact measurement removes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>No influence on the specimen.<\/strong> Thin films, foils, soft polymers, elastomers and biological materials can be damaged or pre-loaded by contact.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Measurement up to and through failure.<\/strong> A clip-on device is usually removed before fracture to protect it; an optical measurement can follow the specimen to the end of the test.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hostile environments.<\/strong> Measurement through the window of a temperature chamber avoids exposing the extensometer to heat or cold.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Several measurements at once.<\/strong> Axial and transverse strain \u2014 and therefore quantities such as Poisson&#8217;s ratio \u2014 can be taken from the same images.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Video extensometry at high strain rates<\/h3>\n<p>At high test speeds, a mechanical extensometer cannot follow the specimen and slips or resonates. With a high-speed camera, the optical measurement keeps pace with the test, which makes video extensometry one of the few practical ways to measure strain in dynamic tensile tests. For standard quasi-static testing, extensometers are classified by their accuracy, for example under ISO 9513, so the class required by the test standard should be part of the specification.<\/p>\n<h3>Video extensometer or DIC?<\/h3>\n<p>The two techniques are closely related. A video extensometer tracks a small number of points along a gauge length and returns the strain a test standard asks for. DIC tracks the whole surface and returns a strain map. In practice, a virtual extensometer can often be defined inside DIC data, so one set of high-speed images can serve both purposes: the standard result and the full-field picture of where and how the specimen actually failed.<\/p>\n<p>We supply video extensometry both as a dedicated video extensometer and as a function of our analysis software, depending on how it fits into the existing test setup.<\/p>\n<h2>Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)<\/h2>\n<h3>How PIV works<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Particle Image Velocimetry<\/strong> measures the velocity of a fluid \u2014 air, water, fuel, a spray \u2014 across a whole plane or volume at once. The flow is seeded with small tracer particles that follow it faithfully, such as fine oil droplets in air or hollow glass spheres in water. A thin sheet of laser light illuminates a slice of the flow, and a camera records pairs of images separated by a precisely known, very short time interval. The images are divided into small interrogation windows; correlating each window between the two images gives the displacement of the particles within it, and dividing by the time interval gives a velocity vector. Repeated across the image, this produces an instantaneous vector field of the flow.<\/p>\n<h3>PIV configurations<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Planar PIV<\/strong> uses one camera and measures two velocity components in the plane of the light sheet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stereo PIV<\/strong> uses two cameras to recover all three velocity components within the plane.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volumetric PIV and particle tracking<\/strong> use several cameras to reconstruct particle motion in three dimensions, capturing complex, turbulent flow structures in a volume rather than a slice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Time-resolved PIV<\/h3>\n<p>Classic PIV records image pairs at a low repetition rate: each vector field is a snapshot, and successive snapshots are not related in time. <strong>Time-resolved PIV<\/strong> records at high frame rates \u2014 typically thousands of frames per second \u2014 with high-repetition-rate lasers or continuous illumination, so the evolution of the flow can be followed from one field to the next. That is what reveals how vortices form and shed, how cavitation develops, or how a spray breaks up, and it is where high-speed cameras become indispensable.<\/p>\n<p>We can supply a complete PIV system \u2014 high-speed cameras, laser illumination, seeding and analysis software \u2014 or only the cameras when the rest of the setup is already in place.<\/p>\n<p>Our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/high-speed-cameras-applications\/\">high-speed camera applications<\/a> include fluid dynamics visualisation, PIV and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). Two examples: high-speed imaging of <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/fluid-dynamics-visualisation\/\">cavitation in a water-jet pump<\/a> to corroborate CFD results, and <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/solution\/propulsion-lab-fluid-dynamics-analysis\/\">multi-camera particle tracking around a flapping wing<\/a> to compute volumetric pressure fields and aerodynamic forces.<\/p>\n<h2>DIC, video extensometry and PIV compared<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Technique<\/th>\n<th>What it measures<\/th>\n<th>Applied to<\/th>\n<th>Result<\/th>\n<th>Typical tests<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Digital Image Correlation (DIC)<\/td>\n<td>Displacement and strain across a surface<\/td>\n<td>Solids with a speckle pattern<\/td>\n<td>Full-field displacement and strain maps, 2D or 3D<\/td>\n<td>Structural, impact, crash, fracture, vibration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Video extensometry<\/td>\n<td>Elongation over a gauge length<\/td>\n<td>Material test specimens<\/td>\n<td>Axial and transverse strain for the test standard<\/td>\n<td>Tensile, compression, dynamic tensile tests<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)<\/td>\n<td>Velocity of a fluid<\/td>\n<td>Seeded gases and liquids<\/td>\n<td>Velocity vector fields in a plane or volume<\/td>\n<td>Aerodynamics, sprays, combustion, cavitation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Illumination and synchronisation: the shared challenge<\/h2>\n<p>All three techniques depend on the same two things. The first is <strong>light<\/strong>: short exposures at high frame rates need intense, flicker-free illumination for DIC and video extensometry, and precisely timed laser pulses or continuous laser light for PIV. The second is <strong>timing<\/strong>: cameras, light sources and the test rig have to act in step, and the images have to line up with the rest of the measured data. Most problems with image-based measurement trace back to one of these two, not to the analysis software.<\/p>\n<p>That is why a high-speed imaging setup is best specified as a system \u2014 camera, optics, illumination, synchronisation and analysis software together \u2014 rather than camera by camera. It is also why the same equipment can serve applications as different as a vehicle crash test, a fragmentation trial on a test range and a flow measurement in a university laboratory.<\/p>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<h3>How many frames per second does a high-speed camera need?<\/h3>\n<p>It depends on how fast the event is and how many images of it you need. Work out the duration of the phenomenon, decide how many frames should cover it, and divide. A crash event lasting around 100 milliseconds is commonly recorded at about 1,000 frames per second; a fracture or a spray may need tens of thousands. Then check that the camera reaches that rate at the resolution the measurement requires.<\/p>\n<h3>Can DIC and video extensometry use the same camera?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes. Both work from images of the specimen surface, and a virtual extensometer can often be defined within DIC data. The surface preparation differs: DIC needs a random speckle pattern, while a video extensometer can work from simple marks or edges.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the difference between 2D and 3D DIC?<\/h3>\n<p>2D DIC uses one camera and measures in-plane displacement and strain on a flat surface that stays parallel to the sensor. 3D DIC uses two or more calibrated cameras and also measures shape and out-of-plane motion, which makes it suitable for curved surfaces and parts that move towards or away from the camera.<\/p>\n<h3>Why does PIV need a laser?<\/h3>\n<p>PIV has to illuminate only a thin slice of the flow, very brightly, for a very short time, so that the tracer particles appear as sharp points and their displacement between two images can be measured. A laser formed into a light sheet is the most practical way to meet all three conditions.<\/p>\n<h3>Does high-speed imaging need special lighting?<\/h3>\n<p>Almost always. At high frame rates the exposure of each image is extremely short, so far more light is needed than for normal video. Continuous, flicker-free LED lighting is common for DIC, video extensometry and general high-speed recording; alternating-current lighting flickers and shows up as brightness changes between frames.<\/p>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/high-speed-cameras-dic-video-extensometer-piv\/#faq\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/high-speed-cameras-dic-video-extensometer-piv\/\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/high-speed-cameras-dic-video-extensometer-piv\/\"},\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How many frames per second does a high-speed camera need?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It depends on how fast the event is and how many images of it you need. Work out the duration of the phenomenon, decide how many frames should cover it, and divide. A crash event lasting around 100 milliseconds is commonly recorded at about 1,000 frames per second; a fracture or a spray may need tens of thousands. Then check that the camera reaches that rate at the resolution the measurement requires.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can DIC and video extensometry use the same camera?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. Both work from images of the specimen surface, and a virtual extensometer can often be defined within DIC data. 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A laser formed into a light sheet is the most practical way to meet all three conditions.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does high-speed imaging need special lighting?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Almost always. At high frame rates the exposure of each image is extremely short, so far more light is needed than for normal video. Continuous, flicker-free LED lighting is common for DIC, video extensometry and general high-speed recording; alternating-current lighting flickers and shows up as brightness changes between frames.\"}}]}<\/script><\/p>\n<h2>Specify your high-speed imaging system with us<\/h2>\n<p>Sensicore supplies high-speed cameras, illumination and analysis software for engineering testing across aerospace, automotive, defence, energy and research programmes. Explore our <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/category\/high-speed-imaging\/\">high-speed imaging range<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/category\/high-speed-imaging\/high-speed-cameras\/\">high-speed cameras<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/sensicore.tech\/contact\/\">contact our engineering team<\/a> to discuss your application.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Um guia pr\u00e1tico sobre c\u00e2maras de alta velocidade em ensaios de engenharia: como funcionam, as especifica\u00e7\u00f5es mais importantes, onde s\u00e3o utilizadas \u2014 ensaios de colis\u00e3o, I&amp;D e campos de ensaio de defesa \u2014 e como a DIC, a extensometria por v\u00eddeo e a PIV transformam imagens de alta velocidade em dados de medi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1286,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[98],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-high-speed-imaging"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>High-Speed Cameras: Applications, DIC, Extensometry and PIV<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How high-speed cameras work, where they are used (crash tests, R&amp;D, test ranges) and how DIC, video extensometry and PIV turn images into measurements.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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